calculated
´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼ ã±â
³×À̹ö»çÀü ´ÙÀ½»çÀü Cambridge M-W M-W Thesaurus OneLook Wordnet Google
calculated attempt °è»êµÈ ±âµµ, ÀǵµÀûÀÎ µµ¹ß
calculated risk ¿¹ÃøµÇ´Â À§Çè(½ÇÆÐ)
calculated °è»êµÈ, ¿¹Ãø(ÃßÁ¤)µÈ, °èȹµÈ, °íÀÇÀÇ, ...ÇϰԲû µÇ¾î, ...¿¡ ¾Ë¸Â¾Æ, ~ly ad
calculate £Û£ë¢¥©¡£ì£ë£ê£õ£ì£à£å£é£ô£Ý °è»êÇÏ´Ù, »êÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù, Ãß»êÇÏ´Ù, ÀǵµÇÏ´Ù, ÀûÇÕ½ÃŰ´Ù, (»ó½Ä, °æÇèÀ¸·Î)ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù, Æò°¡ÇÏ´Ù(evaluate), (Àå·¡ ÀÏÀ»)°è»êÇØ ³»´Ù, ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Ù, ¾î¸²ÇÏ´Ù, ...À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Ù(think), »ó»óÇÏ´Ù(guess), ...ÇÒ ÀÛÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù(intend), ¾î¸²Àâ
calculating machine °è»ê±â
calculating table °è»êÇ¥
calculating °è»êÇÏ´Â, °è»ê¿ëÀÇ, Ÿ»êÀûÀÎ, ºóÆ´¾ø´Â
calculate : estimate ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Ù. ¾î¸²Àâ´Ù.
gambit : a calculated move, stratagem ¼úÃ¥, ¹Ì³¢
calculate ~À» °è»êÇÏ´Ù, »êÃâÇÏ´Ù; ~À» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Ù, Æò°¡ÇÏ´Ù; ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù; ´Ù½Ã °í·ÁÇÏ´Ù; °èȹÇÏ´Ù.
This advertisement is calculated to appeal to children. ÀÌ ±¤°í´Â ¾î¸°À̵éÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ²øµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Don't calculate on him agreeing with you. ±×°¡ ³Ê¿¡°Ô µ¿ÀÇÇϸ®¶ó°í ±â´ëÇÏÁö ¸¶¶ó.
calculate the cost of sth (=calculate how much sth will cost) ¡¦ÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ» °è»êÇÏ´Ù
a calculated threat [insult] °íÀÇÀûÀÎ Çù¹Ú [¸ðµ¶]
a cold and calculating killer ³ÃȤÇÏ°í ºóÆ´¾ø´Â »ìÀÎÀÚ
* compound (ÀÌÀÚ)¸¦ º¹¸®·Î ÁöºÒ(°è»ê)ÇÏ´Ù
Q: What is the interest rate? (ÀÌÀÚ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô µË´Ï±î?)
A: It's compounded at a quarterly rate of 8%. (3°³¿ù¸¶´Ù 8%
º¹¸®·Î °è»êµË´Ï´Ù.)
cf. compound interest º¹¸® (interest that is calculated
not only on the original amount of money that has been
invested, but also on the interest that is earned,
which is added to the original amount)
Oil prices are calculated in dollars.
±â¸§ °¡°ÝÀº ´Þ·¯·Î °è»êµÈ´Ù.
compute °è»êÇÏ´Ù (reckon; calculate)
He failed to compute the interest, so his bank balance was not accurate.
°¡´É: calculated risk, find one's _, in one's way, in the running, stand a
chance, stand show
That's a calculated hit. °è»êµÈ °ø°ÝÀÌ´Ù.
His words, though not treasonous in themselves, were calculated to arouse thoughts of sedition.
±×ÀÇ ¸»µéÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼´Â ¹Ý¿ªÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ Æøµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý°¢À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Archaeologists use radioactive carbon to discover the age of ancient plants.
°í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº °í´ë ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ³ªÀ̸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ź¼ÒÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
C-14 comes from the sun and is found in all living things.
C-14´Â žçÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ô°í ¸ðµç »ý¹°¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Archaeologists can calculate the age of plants that lived in the past because radioisotopes decay at the same time rate.
°í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹æ»ç¼ºµ¿À§¿ø¼Ò°¡ °°Àº ½Ã°£ ºñÀ²·Î ºØ±«Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ °ú°Å¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ³ªÀ̸¦ °è»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
The rate of decay is called the half-life.
ºØ±«ÀÇ ¼Óµµ¸¦ ¹Ý°¨±â¶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
The half-life is the time necessary for half of the atoms to decay.
¹Ý°¨±â´Â ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ¹ÝÀÌ ºØ±«µÇ´Âµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ´Ù.
Radioactive carbon (C-14) has a half-life of 5,730 years.
ź¼ÒÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò´Â 5,730³âÀÇ ¹Ý°¨±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
That means that after 5,730 years, half of the radiocarbon atoms remain; one half of the radioactive atoms are still in the sample.
±×°ÍÀº °ð 5,730³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â ź¼ÒÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ¹ÝÀÌ ³²°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; Áï ź¼ÒÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º ¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ¨öÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Ç¥º»¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.
After 11,460 years, one-fourth of the atoms are still in the sample.
11,460³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¨ùÀÇ Åº¼ÒÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò°¡ Ç¥º»¿¡ ³²°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Archaeologists can measure the number of radioactive atoms and discover the age of ancient plant material.
°í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×·¡¼ °í´ë ½Ä¹° ¹°ÁúÀÇ ³ªÀ̸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³½´Ù.
They say it is lucky to find a four-leafed clover, but I rarely heard of
anybody finding one by actually looking for it.
Your chances of coming across one are slightly improved if you happen to
be an observant person, and you can become observant by training your
own faculties.
But however observant you may become, your hopes of finding a four-leafed
clover are still slim. It is an odd fact that many of the greatest
discoveries have been, in effect, stumbled upon¡ªbut usually by people
whose minds were in a condition to perceive them, who by training and
inclination were looking in the right direction.
However, the moment of revelation has seldom been coldly
calculated¡ªin art, never.
³× À٠Ŭ·Î¹ö¸¦ ãÀ¸¸é Çà¿îÀÌ ¿Â´Ù°í Çϴµ¥ ±×°ÍÀ» ãÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Ù°¡
¹ß°ßÇß´Ù´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ À̾߱â´Â °ÅÀÇ µèÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
°üÂû·ÂÀÌ ÁÁÀº »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾à°£ ³ôÀ» °ÍÀ̰í, ÈÆ·ÃÀ»
ÅëÇØ °üÂû·ÂÀ» ³ôÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¹«¸® °üÂû·ÂÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÁö´õ¶óµµ ³× À٠Ŭ·Î¹ö¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷
Èñ¹ÚÇÏ´Ù. ¹¦ÇϰԵµ À§´ëÇÑ ¹ß°ßµéÀº »ç½Ç»ó ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
±×°ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº Ç×»ó ¸¶À½ÀÇ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú°í ÈÆ·Ã°ú ÃëÇâÀ» ÅëÇØ
¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ» Àâ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¹ß°ßÀÇ ¼ø°£ÀÌ ³ÃÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô °è»êµÈ °æ¿ì´Â µå¹°¸ç ¿¹¼úÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù.
He has, we may suppose, a charming house, a charming wife, and charming
children. He wakes up early in the morning while they are still asleep
and hurries off to his office.
There it is his duty to display the qualities of a great executive; he
cultivates a firm jaw, a decisive manner of speech, and an air of
sagacious reserve calculated to impress everybody except the office boy.
He dictates letters, converses with various important persons on the
phone, studies the market, and presently has lunch with some person
with whom he is conducting or hoping to conduct a deal.
The same sort of thing goes on all the afternoon. He arrives home, tired,
just in time to dress for dinner. At dinner he and a number of other
tired men have to pretend to enjoy the company of ladies who have no
occasion to feel tired yet. How many hours it may take the poor man
to escape, it is impossible to foresee.
±×¿¡°Ô´Â ¸ÚÁø Áý°ú ¸ÚÁø ¾Æ³»¿Í ¸ÚÁø ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ½Ä±¸µéÀÌ
¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÚ°í ÀÖ´Â ²ÀµÎ»õº®¿¡ ÀϾ ±ÞÈ÷ »ç¹«½Ç·Î °£´Ù.
»ç¹«½Ç¿¡¼´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Áß¿ªÀÇ ÀÚÁúÀ» °ú½ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ñ¿¡ ÈûÀ» ÁÖ°í,
´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ¸»À» Çϰí, »çȯ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °ÇÑ ÀλóÀ»
ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ Á¡ÀÝÀ» »©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÆíÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¾²°Ô Çϰí, ÀüÈ·Î Áß¿äÇÑ
»ç¶÷µé°ú À̾߱⸦ ³ª´©°í, ½ÃÀå µ¿ÇâÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϰí, °Å·¡Ã³ »ç¶÷µé°ú
Á¡½É ½Ä»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù.
ºñ½ÁÇÑ Àϰú°¡ ¿ÀÈÄ ³»³» °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù. Áý¿¡ µ¹¾Æ¿À¸é ÇǰïÇÏÁö¸¸ µð³Ê ÆÄƼ¿¡
´ÊÁö ¾Ê°Ô »¡¸® ¿ÊÀ» °¥¾ÆÀÔ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÄƼ¿¡¼ ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÁöÄ£
¿©·¯ ³²ÀÚµéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÇǰïÇÒ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ¾î¿ï¸± ¶§ Áñ°Å¿î
Ã¼ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ µüÇÑ ³²ÀÚ°¡ ±×°÷À» ¹þ¾î³ª´Âµ¥ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª °É¸±Áö
¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
ºÎÇǸ¦ °è»êÇÏ·Á¸é,±æÀÌ¿Í Æø ±×¸®°í ±íÀ̸¦ °öÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.
To calculate the volume, multiply the length by the width by the depth.
[ÛÝ] °è»ê±â (ͪߩѦ) calculating machine
[ÛÝ] ±³·ù°è»ê¹Ý (Îß׵ͪߩÚï) AC-calculating board
[ÛÝ] ±¤·®°è»ê (ÎÎÕáͪߩ) calculating tonnage
calculate °è»êÇÏ´Ù
calculated °èȹµÈ
calculating ºóÆ´¾ø´Â
Using radar and optical measurements made over the past 51 years, researchers have calculated that there is up to a one-in-300 possibility that Asteroid 1950 DA will slam into Earth on March 16, 2880.
°ú°Å 51³â µ¿¾È¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ·¹ÀÌ´õ¿Í ±¤ÇÐ ÃøÁ¤¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¼ ¼ÒÇ༺ 1950 DA°¡ 2880³â 3¿ù 16ÀÏ¿¡ Áö±¸¿¡ ºÎµúÈú È®·üÀº 300ºÐÀÇ 1¿¡ À̸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °è»êÇØ³Â´Ù.
The Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program
that ended in November 1983. During this time, the vessel logged 600,000
kilometers and took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and
rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world. The Glomar Challenger's
core sample have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet
looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to calculate what it
will probably look like millions of years in the future.
Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 624±ºµ¥ÀÇ Ã¤ÃëÀå¼Ò¿¡¼ °ÅÀÇ 20,000 Á¡ÀÇ ÇØÀú ÅðÀû¹°°ú
¹ÙÀ§ÀÇ ÇÙ½É »ùÇÃÀ» äÃëÇÏ¿´´Ù. Glomar Challenger È£ÀÇ ÇÙ½É »ùÇõéÀº
ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Áö±¸°¡ ¼ö¾ï³â Àü¿¡ ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ À籸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú°í ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀÏ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °è»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô
ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert
hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars
produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in
this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few
percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to be
significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more
than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent
helium at a time near the beginning.
Çï·ýÀº º°¿¡¼ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó, ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ Çï·ýÀ¸·Î º¯È¯½ÃŰ´Â ÇÙ¹ÝÀÀÀº
º°µéÀÌ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. (¼ö¼Ò¸¦ Çï·ýÀ¸·Î
º¯È¯½ÃŰ´Â ÇÙ¹ÝÀÀÀº º°µéÀÌ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù.) ±×·¯³ª
ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø Çï·ýÀÇ ¾çÀÌ °è»êµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ºÒ°ú ¸î
ÆÛ¼¾Æ®¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ´Â ÀÌ ¼öÄ¡°¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ´õ Ä¿Áú
¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ±×·¸°Ô ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î, ¸¸¾à
¿ìÁÖ°¡ Áö±Ý ´ë·« 25% º¸´Ù ¾à°£ ³Ñ´Â Çï·ýÀ̶ó¸é, ±×·¯¸é ±×°ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷
ÅÂÃÊ¿Í °¡±î¿î ¾î´À ½Ã±â¿¡ ´ë·« 25% ÀÇ Çï·ýÀ̾úÀ½ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù.
The other, perhaps, politically calculated itinerary
metameric to the Tiananmen reception may be the scheduling of
his visit to Shanghai's stock exchange market in Nanjing Ru
or the city's answer to Wall Street. The U.S. President is
heading, today, for this capitalist oasis immediately after
his visit to Beijing, socialist China's capital. The schedule
may have aimed at highlighting the potentials and
possibilities that China can be transformed into a
capitalist, open society as a country like the Nanjing Ru.
õ¾È¹® ¹æ¹®°ú´Â ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Á¤Ä¡ »öÀ» ¶ç´Â ¿©Á¤Àº ¾Æ¸¶µµ
Áß±¹ÀÇ ¿ùÆ®½º¸®Æ®ÀÎ ³Â¡·ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »óÇÏÀÌ Áõ±Ç½ÃÀåÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÑ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì´ëÅë·ÉÀº ¿À´Ã »çȸÁÖÀÇ Áß±¹ÀÇ ¼öµµÀÎ ºÏ°æÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÑ
µÚ °ð¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿À¾Æ½Ã½º·Î ÇâÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏÁ¤Àº
Áß±¹ÀÌ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀüÇâÇÏ°í ³Â¡·ç¿Í °°ÀÌ »çȸ¸¦ °³¹æÇÒ
°¡´É¼º°ú ÀáÀ缺À» °Ü³ÉÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
calculating machine °è»ê±â
HS170211
Containing by weight 99 % or more lactose, expressed as anhydrous lactose, calculated on the dry matter
°ÇÁ¶ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ À¯´ç(êáÓØ)[¹«¼öÀ¯´ç(Ùíâ©êáÓØ)]ÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 99 ÀÌ»óÀÎ °Í
HS1806902
Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal,starch or malt extract, containing cocoa powder on a proportion by weight of less than 50 % and 40 % or more by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 04.01 to 04.04, containing cocoa powder in a proportion by weight of less than 10 % and 5 % or more by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included
¸Æ¾Æ ÃßÃâ¹°(extract)°ú °í¿î °¡·ç¤ýºÎ¼ø ¾Ë°î¤ý°ÅÄ£ °¡·ç¤ýÀüºÐÀ̳ª ¸Æ¾Æ ÃßÃâ¹°(extract)ÀÇ Á¶Á¦ ½Ä·áǰ[ÄÚÄÚ¾Æ °¡·ç¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Å»Áö(÷ò·)ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ÄÚÄÚ¾ÆÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 50 ¹Ì¸¸À̰í Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 40 ÀÌ»óÀÎ ¹°Ç°À¸·Î µû·Î ºÐ·ùµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù], Á¦0401È£ºÎÅÍ Á¦0404È£±îÁö¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹°Ç°ÀÇ Á¶Á¦ ½Ä·áǰ[ÄÚÄÚ¾Æ °¡·ç¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Å»Áö(÷ò·)ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ÄÚÄÚ¾ÆÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 10 ¹Ì¸¸À̰í Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 5 ÀÌ»óÀÎ ¹°Ç°À¸·Î µû·Î ºÐ·ùµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù]
HS1901
Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 % by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of heading 04.01 to 04.04, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 % by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included.
¸Æ¾Æ ÃßÃâ¹°(extract)°ú °í¿î °¡·ç¤ýºÎ¼ø ¾Ë°î¤ý°ÅÄ£ °¡·ç¤ýÀüºÐÀ̳ª ¸Æ¾Æ ÃßÃâ¹°(extract)ÀÇ Á¶Á¦ ½Ä·áǰ[ÄÚÄھƸ¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ̳ª ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Å»Áö(÷ò·)ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ÄÚÄÚ¾ÆÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 40 ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î µû·Î ºÐ·ùµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù], Á¦0401È£ºÎÅÍ Á¦0404È£±îÁö¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹°Ç°ÀÇ Á¶Á¦ ½Ä·áǰ[ÄÚÄھƸ¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ̳ª ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Å»Áö(÷ò·)ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ÄÚÄÚ¾ÆÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 5 ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î µû·Î ºÐ·ùµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù]
HS252800
Natural borates and concentrates thereof(whether or not calcined), but not including borates separated from natural brine; natural boric acid containing not more than 85 % of H3BO3 calculated on the dry weight.
õ¿¬ ºØ»ê¿°°ú ±× Á¤±¤(ïñÎÎ)[ÇϼÒ(?áÀ)ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀ¸¸ç õ¿¬ ¿°¼ö(ç¤â©)¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®ÇÑ ºØ»ê¿°Àº Á¦¿ÜÇÑ´Ù], õ¿¬ ºØ»ê(°ÇÁ¶ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ºØ»êÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 85 ÀÌÇÏÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù)
HS2602000000
Manganese ores and concentrates, including ferruginous manganese ores and concentrates with a manganese content of 20 % or more, calculated on the dry weight.
¸Á°£±¤°ú ±× Á¤±¤(ïñÎÎ)[°ÇÁ¶ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ¸Á°£ÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 20 ÀÌ»óÀΠö¸Á°£±¤°ú ±× Á¤±¤(ïñÎÎ)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù]
HS3206110000
Containing 80 % or more by weight of titanium dioxide calculated on the dry matter
°ÇÁ¶ »óÅ·Π°è»êÇÏ¿© ÀÌ»êÈÆ¼Å¸´½ÀÇ Áß·®ÀÌ 100ºÐÀÇ 80 ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯µÈ °Í
HS3502
Albumins (including concentrates of two or more whey proteins, containing by weight more than 80 % whey proteins, calculated on the dry matter), albuminates and other albumin derivatives.
¾ËºÎ¹Î(°ÇÁ¶¹° »óÅ¿¡¼ °è»êÇÑ À¯Àå´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ Àü Áß·®ÀÇ 100ºÐÀÇ 80À» ÃʰúÇÏ´Â µÑ ÀÌ»óÀÇ À¯Àå´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ ³óÃ๰À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù)¤ý¾ËºÎ¹Î»ê¿°°ú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¾ËºÎ¹Î À¯µµÃ¼
HS8470
Calculating machines and pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating function; accounting machines, postage-franking machines, ticket-issuing machines and similar machines, incorporating a calculating device; cash registers.
°è»ê±â¿Í °è»ê ±â´ÉÀ» °®Ãá Æ÷ÄÏ»çÀÌÁîÇü ÀüÀÚ¼öø¤ýȸ°è±â¤ý¿ìÆí¿ä±Ý°è±â¤ýÇ¥±Ç¹ßÇà±â¿Í ±× ¹Û¿¡ ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ±â°è(°è»ê ±â±¸¸¦ °®Ãá °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù), ±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â
HS847010
Electronic calculators capable of operation without an external source of electric power and pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating functions
ÀüÀÚ°è»ê±â(¿ÜºÎÀÇ Àü¿ø °ø±Þ ¾øÀÌ ÀÛµ¿µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù)¿Í °è»ê ±â´ÉÀ» °®Ãá Æ÷ÄÏ»çÀÌÁîÇü ÀüÀÚ¼öø
HS84701040
Pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating functions
°è»ê ±â´ÉÀ» °®Ãá Æ÷ÄÏ»çÀÌÁîÇü ÀüÀÚ¼öø
HS84702
Other electronic calculating machines :
±× ¹ÛÀÇ ÀüÀÚ°è»ê±â
HS8470300000
Other calculating machines
±× ¹ÛÀÇ °è»ê±â
HS8473210000
Of the electronic calculating machines of subheading 8470.10, 8470.21 or 8470.29
¼ÒÈ£ Á¦8470.10È£¤ýÁ¦8470.21È£¤ýÁ¦8470.29È£¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ÀüÀÚ °è»ê±âÀÇ °Í
HS8473501000
Suitable for use principally with the electronic calculating machines of subheading 8470.10, 8470.21 or 8470.29
¼ÒÈ£ Á¦8470.10È£, Á¦8470.21È£, Á¦8470.29È£¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ÀüÀÚ°è»ê±â¿¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °Í
HS9017
Drawing, marking-out or mathematical calculating instruments (for example, drafting machines, pantographs, protractors, drawing sets, slide rules, disc calculators); instruments for measuring length, for use in the hand (for example, measuring rods and tapes, micrometers, callipers), not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.
Á¦µµ¿ë±¸¤ý¼³°è¿ë±¸¤ý°è»ê¿ë±¸(¿¹: Á¦µµ±â¤ýÃà¼ÒÈ®´ë±â¤ýºÐµµ±â¤ýÁ¦µµ¼¼Æ®¤ý°è»êô¤ý°è»ê¹Ý), ¼öÁö½Ä ±æÀÌ ÃøÁ¤¿ë±¸[¿¹: °ðÀº ÀÚ¿Í ÁÙÀÚ¤ý¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î¹ÌÅͤý͏®ÆÛ½º(callipers)](ÀÌ ·ù¿¡ µû·Î ºÐ·ùµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù)
HS901720
Other drawing, marking-out or mathematical calculating instruments
±× ¹ÛÀÇ Á¦µµ¿ë±¸¤ý¼³°è¿ë±¸¤ý°è»ê¿ë±¸
HS9017203000
Mathematical calculating instruments
°è»ê¿ë±¸
°è»ê±â°è¹×¾×¼¼¼¸® Calculating machines and accessories
°è»ê±â¶Ç´Â¾×¼¼¼¸® Calculators or accessories
°¡»ê±â Adding machines
ȸ°è±â Accounting machines
±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â Cash registers
°è»ê±â¸®º» Calculator ribbons
±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â¸®º» Cash register ribbons
Although the book is careful to stay away from predicting the precise
moment of meltdown, the two Perkinses say they expect the first stage of
collapse to occur after the holiday season. ``We think all this money
that's being thrown at advertising doesn't portend well for these
dot.coms,'' says Michael Perkins, who calculates the dot.coms will have
spent more than $1 billion this year on radio and television
advertising.
ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ±× Æø¶ôÀÇ ³¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â Á¤È®È÷ ²Å°í ÀÖÁø ¾ÊÁö¸¸ µÎ ÆÞŲ½º ÇüÁ¦´Â
ù ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ÁÖ½Ä Æø¶ô»çŰ¡ 'ÈÞ°¡Ã¶'(Ãß¼ö°¨»çÀý°ú Å©¸®½º¸¶½º ½ÃÁð) Á÷ÈÄ¿¡
ÀϾ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹°ßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÆÛŲ½º´Â "Áö±Ý±îÁö ±¤°í¿¡ µé¾î°£
ÀڱݵéÀÌ ´åÄÄ(dot.com : ÀÎÅͳÝȸ»çÀÇ ÃÑĪ)µé¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀº ¡ÈÄ·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù"¸ç ÀÎÅͳÝȸ»çµéÀÌ ¿Ã ÇÑÇØ¿¡¸¸ 100¾ï ´Þ·¯¸¦ ¶óµð¿À¿Í TV±¤°í¿¡ ¾²°Ô
µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù.
¿ë·® »êÃâ °è¼ö calculating coefficient of capacity
calculate : °è»êÇÏ´Ù
The comparisons between NV and the U.S. price are normally done by creating a
computer program which compares model-specific weighted average prices. In
simple terms, the differences in the two prices are the dumping margins which are
calculated and applied on company-specific terms for all firms which participated
in the investigation or review. In investigations, a weighted average "all others
rate" is calculated and applied to firms which did not participate in the
investigation. A company covered by the all others rate continues to receive that
rate until a review is requested and completed for that company.
Åë»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »õ·Î ¸¸µé¾î Á¤»ó°¡°Ý°ú ¹Ì±¹°¡°ÝÀ»
ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»ÇØ µÎ °¡°ÝÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â Á¶»ç³ª Àç½É¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ ¸ðµç
±â¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ ȸ»çº° ƯÁ¤ Á¶°ÇÀ» °¨¾ÈÇÏ¿© °è»êµÇ°í Àû¿ëµÈ ´ýÇθ¶ÁøÀÌ´Ù.
Á¶»ç¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ±â¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â °¡Á߯ò±ÕÄ¡ÀÎ ±âŸ ¸¶ÁøÀ²ÀÌ »ç¿ë
µÈ´Ù. ±âŸÀ²ÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ±â¾÷Àº Àç½ÉÀÌ ¿äûµÇ¾î ¿Ï·áµÉ ¶§±îÁö ±âŸÀ²ÀÌ
°è¼Ó Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù.
Constructed Export Price Offset
-
When it is not possible to base normal value and export price (CEP or CEP) on sales at the same
level of trade, the law provides, subject to certain conditions, for an adjustment to normal value.
However, where the Department establishes different functions at the different levels of trade,
but the data available do not form an appropriate basis for determining a level of trade
adjustment, the law provides for a limited adjustment in the form of the "constructed export price
offset." This adjustment does not apply in export price comparisons, and the Department will
make the adjustment only when normal value is established at a level of trade more remote from
the factory than the level of trade of the constructed export price. The offset is a deduction from
normal value in the amount of indirect selling expenses incurred in the comparison market. The
amount of this deduction may not exceed (i.e., it is "capped" by) the amount of indirect selling
expenses deducted in calculating constructed export price. (Section 773(a)(7)(B) of the Act and
section 351.412(f) of the regulations; see also Level of Trade, Level of Trade Adjustment.)
-
±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý »ó°è(Constructed Export Price Offset)
-
µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °Å·¡´Ü°è¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤»ó°¡°Ý°ú ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(¶Ç´Â ±¸¼º¼ö
Ãâ°¡°Ý)À» ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÑ °æ¿ì Á¤»ó°¡°Ý
À» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹ý·ü»ó Çã¿ëµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ó¹«ºÎ°¡ »óÀÌÇÑ °Å·¡
´Ü°è¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±â´ÉµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ °Å·¡´Ü°èÂ÷ÀÌ Á¶
Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀÚ·á°¡ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì "±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý »ó°è(offset)"ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ
·Î Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ Á¶Á¤À» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶Á¤Àº ¼öÃâ°¡°Ýºñ±³¿¡´Â Àû¿ëµÇÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç »ó¹«ºÎ´Â Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀÌ ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀÇ °Å·¡´Ü°èº¸´Ù °øÀåµµ¿¡¼ ¸Õ
°Å·¡´Ü°è¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À» ¶§¿¡¸¸ ÀÌ Á¶Á¤À» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù. ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý
»ó°è´Â Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °£Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ ±Ý¾×¸¸Å
Â÷°¨ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ÀÇ Â÷°¨±Ý¾×Àº ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ ¶§ Â÷°¨
µÇ´Â °£Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ±Ý¾×À» ÃʰúÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¹ý Á¦773Á¶(a)(7)(B), ±ÔÄ¢(19
CFR) 351.412(f) ¹× "°Å·¡´Ü°è"¿Í "°Å·¡´Ü°èÁ¶Á¤"¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¾î¼³¸í ³»¿ë
ÂüÁ¶)
Contemporaneous Sales
-
In investigations, the Department normally compares average export prices (or constructed
export prices) to average normal values. The averages normally are based on sales made over the
course of the period of investigation. In administrative reviews of existing antidumping orders,
on the other hand, the Department normally compares the export price (or constructed export
price) of an individual U.S. sale to an average normal value for a "contemporaneous month."
-
The preferred month is the month in which the particular U.S. sale was made. If, during the
preferred month, there are no sales in the comparison market of a foreign like product that is
identical to the subject merchandise, the Department will then employ a six-month window for
the selection of contemporaneous sales. For each U.S. sale, the Department will calculate an
average price for sales of identical merchandise in the most recent of the three months prior to
the month of the U.S. sale. If there are no such sales, the Department will use sales of identical
merchandise in the earlier of the two months following the month of the U.S. sale. If there are no
sales of identical merchandise in any of these months, the Department will apply the same
progression to sales of similar merchandise.
-
µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ½Ã±âÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å(Contemporaneous Sales)
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¹Ý´ýÇÎÁ¶»ç½Ã ´ë°³ Æò±Õ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(¶Ç´Â ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý)°ú Æò±Õ
Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù. Æò±Õ°¡°ÝÀº ´ë°³ Á¶»ç´ë»ó±â°£ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûÀ» ±âÃÊ
·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇàÁ¤Àç½ÉÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ´ë°³ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì±¹¼öÃâ
°¡°Ý(¶Ç´Â ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý)°ú "µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¿ù"ÀÇ Æò±ÕÁ¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» ºñ±³ÇÑ
´Ù. À̶§ ƯÁ¤ ¹Ì±¹¼öÃâÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³ ¹Ù·Î ±× ´ÞÀ» "µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¿ù"·Î
»ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±× ´Þ¿¡ Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÇ
ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ½Ã±âÀÇ
ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûÀ» Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇØ 6°³¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûÀ» °ËÅäÇÑ´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ
¹Ì±¹¼öÃâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ì±¹ ¼öÃâ¿ù ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù 3°³¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀÇ µ¿ÀϹ°Ç°ÀÇ
Æò±ÕÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÑ´Ù. ±× ±â°£¿¡µµ ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ
´Â ¹Ì±¹¼öÃâ¿ùÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ 2°³¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀÇ µ¿ÀϹ°Ç°ÀÇ Æò±ÕÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÑ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡µµ µ¿ÀϹ°Ç°ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â À¯»ç
¹°Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ À§ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Cost of Production
-
For market economy cases, cost of production means the cost of producing the foreign like
product. The cost of production is the sum of (1) material, fabrication, and other processing
costs, (2) selling, general, and administrative expenses, and (3) the cost of containers and other
packing expenses. The Department may disregard comparison market sales in calculating
normal value if they are made at prices which are less than the cost of production. The
Department will disregard all sales below cost if made: (A) within an extended period of time
(normally one year) in substantial quantities ( at least 20 percent of the volume of the product
examined is sold below cost or the weighted-average unit price is below the weighted-average
cost for the period examined); and (B) at prices that do not permit recovery of costs within a
reasonable period of time (i.e., the price is less than the weighted-average cost of production for
the whole period examined). Although the Department initiates any cost of production inquiries
for all sales of the foreign like product, this determination is made on a product-specific basis.
(Section 773(b) of the Act, and sections 351.406 and 351.407 of the regulations.) Refer to IA
Policy Bulletin 94.1 for initiation standards for COP inquiries.
-
»ý»ê¿ø°¡(Cost of Production)
-
½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¼Ò°Ç¿¡¼ »ý»ê¿ø°¡´Â ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
»ý»ê¿ø°¡¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. »ý»ê¿ø°¡´Â ¨çÀç·áºñ, Á¶¸³ºñ¿ë ¹× ±âŸ°¡°øºñ, ¨è
ÆÇ¸Åºñ¿Í ÀϹݰü¸®ºñ ¹× ¨éÆ÷Àåºñ¿ëÀÇ ÇÕ°èÀÌ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡
¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀÌ »ý»ê¿ø°¡ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Á¤»ó°¡°Ý »êÃâ½Ã ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡
¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸ÅÀڷḦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. º¸´Ù ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ »ý»ê¿ø°¡ ¹Ì¸¸ ÆÇ¸Å
¿©ºÎÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü±âÁØÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
(A) ÀÏÁ¤±â°£(º¸Åë 1³â) µ¿¾È¿¡ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç° ÃÑÆÇ¸Å·®ÀÇ 20%ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¿ø°¡
¹Ì¸¸À¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅµÇ¾ú°Å³ª °¡Á߯ò±ÕÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀÌ ±× ±â°£ÀÇ °¡Á߯ò±Õ¿ø°¡ ¹Ì
¸¸À̸ç,
(B) ÀûÀýÇÑ ±â°£¿¡ ¿ø°¡¸¦ ȸº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ °æ¿ì
(Áï, ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀÌ Á¶»ç´ë»ó±â°£ÀÇ °¡Á߯ò±Õ»ý»ê¿ø°¡ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ °æ¿ì)
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÇ ÃÑÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý»ê¿ø°¡ÀÚ·á
¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿ø°¡¹Ì¸¸ ÆÇ¸Å¿©ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº °³º°Á¦Ç°º°·Î
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. (¹ý Á¦773Á¶(b)¿Í ±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR) 351.406 ¹× 351.407 ÂüÁ¶)
»ý»ê¿ø°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÁØÁú¹®¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â IA Policy Bulletin 94.1 ÂüÁ¶.
Direct vs. Indirect Expenses
-
In calculating and adjusting normal value, the Department treats selling expenses differently
depending on whether they are direct expenses or indirect expenses. For instance,
circumstances-of-sale adjustments normally involve only direct expenses (and assumptions of
expenses on behalf of the buyer, see below) while the constructed export price offset involves
indirect expenses.
-
Direct expenses generally must be (1) variable and (2) traceable in a company's financial records
to sales of the merchandise under investigation.
-
1. Variable vs. fixed expenses: Direct expenses are typically variable expenses that are incurred
as a direct and unavoidable consequence of the sale (i.e., in the absence of the sale these
expenses would not be incurred). Indirect expenses are fixed expenses that are incurred
whether or not a sale is made.
-
The same expense may be classified as fixed or variable depending on how the expense is
incurred. For example, if an exporter pays an unaffiliated contractor to perform a service,
this fee would normally be considered variable and treated as a direct expense (provided that
condition 2, below, is also satisfied). However, if the exporter provides the service through a
salaried employee, the fixed salary expense will be treated as an indirect expense.
-
2. Tying of the expense to sales of the merchandise under investigation: Selling expenses must
be reasonably traceable to sales of the merchandise under investigation to qualify as direct
selling expenses. However, a fixed expense remains indirect even if allocable to the
merchandise under investigation
-
Common examples of direct selling expenses include credit expenses, commissions, and the
variable portions of guarantees, warranty, technical assistance, and servicing expenses. Common
examples of indirect selling expenses include inventory carrying costs, salesmen's salaries, and
product liability insurance. The Department also classifies the fixed portion of expenses, such as
salaries for employees who perform technical services or warranty repairs, as indirect expenses.
-
The Department treats assumptions of a customer's expenses as if they were direct expenses,
provided they are attributable to a later sale of the merchandise by the customer. For example,
the Department considers expenses incurred for advertising aimed at retailers to be assumptions
when the exporter is selling to wholesalers. (Section 351.404(d) of the regulations).
-
Á÷Á¢ºñ¿Í °£Á¢ºñ(Direct vs. Indirect Expense)
-
Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ÆÇ¸Åºñ°¡ Á÷Á¢ºñ³Ä °£Á¢ºñ³Ä¿¡
µû¶ó Á¶Á¤¹æ¹ýÀ» ´Þ¸® Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ÆÇ¸Åȯ°æÂ÷ÀÌ Á¶Á¤Àº ´ë°³
Á÷Á¢ºñ(¶Ç´Â ±¸¸ÅÀÚ¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ºÎ´ãÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ë)¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ°í ±¸¼º
¼öÃâ°¡°Ý »ó°è´Â °£Á¢ºñ¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù.
Á÷Á¢ºñ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¨çÁ¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ ¸ÅÃâ¾×°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© º¯µ¿ºñÀû
¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö¸é¼, ¨èȸ»çÀÇ È¸°è±â·Ï»ó ÃßÀû °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
-
1. º¯µ¿ºñ¿Í °íÁ¤ºñ : Á÷Á¢ºñ´Â Á¦Ç°¸ÅÃâ¿¡ ÇʼöÀûÀ̸ç Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °ü·Ã
À» °¡Áö´Â(Áï, ¸ÅÃâÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â) ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ º¯µ¿ºñÀÌ´Ù. °£Á¢
ºñ´Â ¸ÅÃâ°ú ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °íÁ¤ºñÀÌ´Ù. °°Àº ¼º°ÝÀÇ ºñ¿ëµµ ±×
ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ¿¡ µû¶ó °íÁ¤ºñ°¡ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í º¯µ¿ºñ°¡ µÉ ¼öµµ
ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¼öÃâÀÚ°¡ ¼ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϴ Ư¼ö°ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â °è¾àÀÚ¿¡
°Ô ÁöºÒÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀº º¯µ¿ºñ·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î Á÷Á¢ºñ·Î Ãë±ÞµÈ´Ù(¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Á¶°Ç
2µµ ÃæÁ·ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì). ±×·¯³ª ¼öÃâÀÚ°¡ ±× ¼ºñ½º¸¦ Á¾¾÷¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ°í
ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Áö±ÞÇÏ´Â ±Þ¿©´Â °£Á¢ºñ·Î Ãë±ÞµÈ´Ù.
-
2. ºñ¿ë°ú Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬°è¼º : ÆÇ¸Åºñ´Â Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ
ÆÇ¸Å¿Í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬°è¼ºÀ» °¡Á®¾ß Á÷Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
°íÁ¤ºñ´Â Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°¿¡ ¹èºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó
µµ °£Á¢ºñ·Î º»´Ù.
-
Á÷Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ·Î´Â ½Å¿ëºñ¿ë, ÆÇ¸Å¼ö¼ö·á, ǰÁúº¸Áõºñ, ±â¼úÁö¿øºñ ¹× ¼ºñ
½ººñ¿ëÀÇ º¯µ¿ºñ ºÎºÐÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °£Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ·Î´Â Àç°íÀ¯Áöºñ¿ë,
ÆÇ¸Å»ç¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Þ¿© ¹× Á¦Ç°Ã¥ÀÓº¸Çè·á µîÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â
¶ÇÇÑ ±â¼úÁö¿ø°ú ǰÁúº¸Áõ¼ö¸®¸¦ ´ã´çÇÏ´Â Á¾¾÷¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Þ¿©¿Í °°Àº
°íÁ¤ºñµµ °£Á¢ºñ·Î ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù.
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â °Å·¡Ã³ÀÇ Àå·¡ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀ» ´ë½Å ºÎ´ãÇÏ´Â
ºÎºÐµµ Á÷Á¢ÆÇ¸Åºñ·Î Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¼öÃâÀÚ°¡ µµ¸Å»óÀ»
»ó´ë·Î ÆÇ¸Å¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ¼Ò¸Å»óÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ±¤°íºñ´Â °Å·¡Ã³¸¦
´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ºÎ´ãÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î º»´Ù. (±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR) 351.404(d) ÂüÁ¶)
Export Price and Constructed Export Price
-
Export price and constructed export price refer to the two methods of calculating prices for
merchandise imported into the United States. The Department compares these prices to normal
values to determine whether goods are dumped. Both export price and constructed export price
are calculated using the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold to a person not
affiliated with the foreign producer or exporter (the "starting price").
-
Generally, a U.S. sale is calculated as an export price sale when the first sale to an unaffiliated
person occurs before the goods are imported into the United States. Generally, a U.S. sale is
calculated as a constructed export price sale when the first sale to an unaffiliated person occurs
after importation. However, if the first sale to the unaffiliated person is made by a person in the
United States affiliated with the foreign exporter, constructed export price applies even if the sale
occurs before importation, unless the U.S. affiliate performs only clerical functions in connection
with the sale.
-
The Department makes adjustments to the price to the first unaffiliated customer in calculating
the export price or constructed export price. For both export price and constructed export price
the Department adds packing charges, if not already included in the price, rebated import duties,
and, if applicable, certain countervailing duties (not applicable for non-market economy cases).
Also for both, the Department deducts transportation costs and export taxes or duties (not
applicable for non-market economy cases). No other adjustments are made in calculating export
price. However, in calculating the constructed export price, the Department also deducts selling
commissions and other expenses incurred in selling the subject merchandise in the United States,
the cost of any further manufacture or assembly performed in the United States, and a profit
attributable to the U.S. sale. (Section 772 of the Act. and section 351.401 and 351.402 (b) of the
regulations)
-
¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°ú ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(Export Price and Constructed Export Price)
-
¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°ú ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀº ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ¼öÀԵǴ ¹°Ç°°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÏ´Â
µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö °¡°ÝµéÀ» Á¤»ó°¡°Ý°ú
ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ´ýÇο©ºÎ¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°ú ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀº Á¶»ç´ë»ó
¹°Ç°ÀÌ ¿Ü±¹»ý»êÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ¼öÃâÀÚ¿Í Æ¯¼ö°ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÃÖÃÊ·Î ÆÇ¸Å
µÈ °¡°Ý(±âÁذ¡°Ý)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °è»êµÈ´Ù.
-
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°Ç°ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ¼öÀԵDZâ Àü¿¡ Ư¼ö°ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ÀϾÀ» ¶§´Â ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ
´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Æ¯¼ö°ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ¼öÀÔÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÀϾ
À» ¶§´Â ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ư¼ö°ü°è°¡
¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ¿Ü±¹¼öÃâÀÚ¿Í Æ¯¼ö°ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹³»ÀÇ
¾÷ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ¼öÀÔÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ
¹Ì±¹³»ÀÇ Æ¯¼ö°ü°èÀÚ°¡ ÆÇ¸Å¿Í °ü·ÃÇÑ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç¹«Àû ±â´É¸¸ ¼öÇàÇÑ °Í
ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ̳ª ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ ¶§ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Æ¯¼ö °ü°è¾ø
´Â ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°ú ±¸¼º¼öÃâ
°¡°Ý ¸ðµÎ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ Æ÷Àåºñ(°¡°Ý¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì), ȯ±ÞµÈ
¼öÀÔ¼¼ ¹× »ó°è°ü¼¼(ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¼Ò°Ç¿¡´Â Àû¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½)
µîÀ» °¡»êÇÑ´Ù.
-
¶ÇÇÑ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¿î¹Ýºñ¿Í ¼öÃâ¼¼(ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¼Ò°Ç¿¡´Â Àû
¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½) µîÀº Â÷°¨ÇÑ´Ù.
-
¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ ¶§ ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Á¤¿ä¼Ò´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±¸¼º
¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ÆÇ¸Å¼ö¼ö·á¿Í ¹Ì±¹³»¿¡¼ Á¶»ç´ë»ó
¹°Ç°À» ÆÇ¸ÅÇÒ ¶§ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¿©Å¸ÀÇ ºñ¿ë ¹× ¹Ì±¹³»¿¡¼ Ãß°¡ °¡°øÀ̳ª
Á¶¸³ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú ¶§ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ë, ±×¸®°í ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ±Í¼ÓµÇ´Â ÀÌÀ±À»
Â÷°¨ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. (¹ý Á¦772Á¶ ¹× ±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR) 351.401, 351.402(b) ÂüÁ¶)
Factors of Production
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For nonmarket economy countries, the normal methodology for calculating normal value is not
appropriate. Instead, the Department constructs a normal value using the nonmarket economy
producer's factors of production. The factors of production include, but are not limited to, (1)
the hours of labor required to produce the merchandise, (2) the quantities of raw materials
employed, (3) the amounts of energy and other utilities consumed, and (4) representative capital
costs, including depreciation. These factors of production are then valued in a market economy
country that is at a level of economic development comparable to that of the nonmarket economy
country and is a significant producer of the subject merchandise or comparable merchandise.
(Section 773(c)(3) of the Act.)
-
»ý»ê¿ä¼Ò(Factors of Production)
-
ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¼ÒÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¤»ó°¡°Ý »êÁ¤¹æ¹ýÀ»
Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. µû¶ó¼ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡ÀÇ »ý»ê
ÀÚÀÇ »ý»ê¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. »ý»ê¿ä¼Ò·Î´Â ¨ç¹°Ç°À»
»ý»êÇϴµ¥ ÅõÀԵǴ ÀÛ¾÷½Ã°£, ¨è¿øÀç·áÀÇ ¼Ò¿ä·®, ¨é¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Ò¿ä·®
¹× ¨ê°¨°¡»ó°¢ µîÀÇ ÀÚº»ºñ¿ëÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÌ Ç׸ñµé¿¡ ±¹ÇÑÇÏ´Â °Í
Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ »ý»ê¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ´çÇØ ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦¹ßÀü¼öÁذú
ºñ½ÁÇÑ °æÁ¦¹ßÀü¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°À̳ª µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°À» »ó´ç·®
»ý»êÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦±¹°¡¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. (¹ý Á¦773Á¶
(c)(3) ÂüÁ¶)
Facts Available
-
The Department seeks to make its antidumping determinations on the basis of responses to its
antidumping questionnaires. However, for a variety of reasons, the data needed to make such
determinations may be unavailable or unusable on the record of the case. In such instances, the
law requires the Department to makes its determinations on the basis of "the facts otherwise
available" (more commonly referred to as "the facts available"). The Department also must use
the facts available where an interested party or any other person: (1) withholds information
requested by the Department; (2) fails to provide requested information by the requested date or
in the form and manner requested; (3) significantly impedes an antidumping proceeding; or (4)
provides information that cannot be verified.
-
In selecting the information to use as the facts available, the law authorizes the Department to
make an inference which is adverse to an interested party if the Department finds that party failed
to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information.
However, the law also provides that when the Department relies on secondary information
(information derived from the petition, or the dumping rate determined in a prior segment of a
proceeding rather than on information obtained in the course of an antidumping proceeding the
Department must, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent
sources that are reasonably at the Department's disposal. Corroborated information is
information considered reliable and relevant. Final calculated rates from prior segments need not
be corroborated as their reliability and relevance has already been established in the prior
segment.
-
The Department will consider using submitted information that does not meet all of the
Department's requirements if: (1) the information is submitted within applicable deadlines; (2)
the information can be verified; (3) the information is not so incomplete that it cannot serve as a
reliable basis for a determination; (4) the party establishes that it acted to the best of its ability;
and (5) the Department can use the information without undue difficulties. Finally, if an
interested party promptly informs the Department of difficulties it is having in responding to a
request for information, the Department will consider modifying its request to the extent
necessary to avoid imposing an unreasonable burden on the party. (Sections 776 and 782(c)-(e)
of the Act. and section 351.308 of the regulations.)
-
ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÚ·á(Facts Available)
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ýÇÎÁ¶»ç¿ë Áú¹®¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯ÀÚ·á¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ
¿© ¹Ý´ýÇÎ °ü·Ã °áÁ¤À» ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×·¯ÇÑ
°áÁ¤¿¡ ´äº¯ÀÚ·á»ó¿¡¼ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÚ·á°¡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ
°æ¿ì¿¡ ¹ý·ü»ó »ó¹«ºÎ´Â "ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÚ·á"¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤À» ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÎÀ̳ª Á¦3ÀÚ°¡ ¨ç»ó¹«ºÎ°¡ ¿äûÇÑ
ÀڷḦ Á¦ÃâÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª, ¨è»ó¹«ºÎ°¡ ¿äûÇÑ ÀڷḦ ¿äûÇÑ ±âÇѱîÁö
¿äûÇÑ ÇüÅ´ë·Î Á¦ÃâÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª, ¨é¹Ý´ýÇÎÁ¶»ç¸¦ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ¹æÇØÇϰÅ
³ª, ¶Ç´Â ¨ê°ËÁõµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦ÃâÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç½Ç
ÀڷḦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
-
ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÚ·á·Î¼ »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀڷḦ ¼±ÅÃÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¹ý·ü»ó ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÎÀÌ »ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ¿äûÀڷḦ Á¦ÃâÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÃÖ¼±
À» ´ÙÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ±× ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀο¡°Ô ºÒ¸®ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀ» ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ó¹«ºÎ°¡ ¹Ý´ýÇÎÁ¶»ç °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¾òÀº Á¤º¸
°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Á¦2Â÷ Á¤º¸(½Åû¼¿¡¼ ¾òÀº Á¤º¸ ¶Ç´Â ¿¹ºñÁ¶»ç½Ã °áÁ¤µÈ ´ýÇÎ
·ü)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±× Á¤º¸¸¦ ½Ç¹«ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹üÀ§³»¿¡¼ »ó¹«ºÎ
°¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·á¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ËÁõÀýÂ÷¸¦ °ÅÃÄ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °ËÁõµÈ Á¤º¸
´Â ½Åºù¼º ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸·Î °£ÁֵȴÙ. ¿¹ºñÁ¶»ç´Ü°è¿¡¼ ÃÖÁ¾ °è»êµÈ ´ýÇηü
Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ±× ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÈ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ °ËÁõÀýÂ÷¸¦ °ÅÄ¥
Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù.
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â »ó¹«ºÎÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿ä±¸»çÇ×À» ÃæÁ·ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Á¦ÃâÀÚ·á¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
µµ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±× ÀÚ·áÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù.
-
¨ç ÀÚ·á°¡ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âÇѱîÁö Á¦ÃâµÈ °æ¿ì
¨è ÀÚ·á°¡ °ËÁõµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì
¨é ÀÚ·á°¡ °áÁ¤À» À§ÇÑ ½Åºù¼º ÀÖ´Â ±Ù°Å°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ºÒ¿ÏÀü
ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °æ¿ì
¨ê ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÎÀÌ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇØ¼ ÁغñÇÑ ÀÚ·á¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
¨ë »ó¹«ºÎ°¡ ±× ÀڷḦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϴµ¥ Å« ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì
-
³¡À¸·Î ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÎÀÌ »ó¹«ºÎ¿¡ ¿äûµÈ ÀڷḦ Á¦ÃâÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î °¡Áö´Â
¾î·Á¿òÀ» Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ë¸° °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä
ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÎ´ãÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¿äû»çÇ×À» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ËÅäÇÑ´Ù. (¹ý Á¦
776Á¶¿Í Á¦782Á¶(c)-(e) ¹× ±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR) 351.308 ÂüÁ¶)
Further Manufacturing Adjustment
-
In calculating a constructed export price, the Department normally deducts from the price of the
merchandise sold in the United States the cost of any further manufacture or assembly performed
in the United States by, or for, the exporter or an affiliate. However, if the value of the further
processing is likely to exceed substantially the value of the subject merchandise in its imported
condition, the Department may use an alternative basis for the constructed export price. If
possible, the Department would use the price of subject merchandise sold to an unaffiliated
customer by the producer, exporter, or affiliated seller. If there is an insufficient quantity of such
sales, the Department may rely on any other reasonable basis. (Sections 772(d)(2) and 772(e) of
the Act, and Section 351.404 of the regulations.)
-
Ãß°¡ Á¦Á¶¿ø°¡ Á¶Á¤(Further Manufacturing Adjustment)
-
±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(CEP)À» »êÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â º¸Åë ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ »óǰ
°¡°Ý¿¡¼ ¼öÃâÀÚ³ª °ü°èȸ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©(¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿©) ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼
Ãß°¡·Î °¡°øµÈ ºñ¿ëÀ̳ª Á¶¸³ºñ¿ëÀ» °øÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »óǰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡
°¡°øºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼öÀÔ»óÅÂÀÇ Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÃʰúÇÑ´Ù¸é
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý »êÁ¤À» À§ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ±âÁØÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ÇØ´ç »óǰÀÇ »ý»êÀÚ, ¼öÃâÀÚ È¤Àº Ư¼ö°ü°èÀÖ´Â
ÆÇ¸ÅÀÚ°¡ Ư¼ö°ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â °í°´¿¡°Ô ÆÇ¸ÅÇÑ °¡°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à
ÆÇ¸Å·®ÀÌ ºÒÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù¸é »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Inventory Carrying Costs
-
Inventory carrying costs are the interest expenses incurred (or interest revenue foregone) between
the time the merchandise leaves the production line at the factory to the time the goods are
shipped to the first unaffiliated customer. The Department normally calculates these costs by
applying the firm's annual short-term borrowing rate in the currency of the country where the
merchandise is held, prorated by the number of days between leaving the production line and
shipment to the customer, to the unit cost or price. (See also Imputed Expenses.)
-
Àç°íÀ¯Áöºñ¿ë(Inventory Carrying Costs)
-
Àç°íÀ¯Áöºñ¿ëÀº »óǰÀÌ °øÀåÀÇ »ý»ê¶óÀÎÀ» ¶°³ ½ÃÁ¡°ú »óǰÀÌ Ã³À½À¸
·Î Ư¼ö°ü°èÀÖ´Â °í°´¿¡°Ô ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ ½ÃÁ¡ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀÚºñ¿ë(ȤÀº
Æ÷±âµÈ ÀÌÀÚ¼öÀÍ)ÀÌ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ´ë°³ »óǰÀÌ »ý»ê¶óÀÎÀ» ¶°³ ³¯°ú °í°´
¿¡°Ô ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ ³¯ »çÀÌÀÇ ±â°£°ú ¿¬°£ ´Ü±âÂ÷ÀÔ±ÝÀÌÀÚÀ²À» °¨¾ÈÇÏ¿© ´ÜÀ§
´ç ¿ø°¡ ¶Ç´Â ÆÇ¸Å°¡°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àç°íÀ¯Áöºñ¿ëÀ» °è»êÇÑ´Ù. ("±Í¼Óºñ¿ë"¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¿ë¾î¼³¸í³»¿ë ÂüÁ¶)
Level of Trade Adjustment
-
To the extent practicable, the Department calculates normal values based on sales at the same
level of trade. When the U.S. sale is an export price sale, the level of trade of the U.S. sale is that
of the starting price. When the U.S. sale is a constructed export price sale, the level of trade of
the U.S. sale is determined for the constructed export price, not the starting price. When the
Department is unable to find sales in the comparison market at that same level of trade as the
U.S. sale, the Department may adjust the normal value to account for differences in levels of
trade between the two markets.
-
The Department will make these adjustments only when there is a difference in the levels of trade
(i.e., there is a difference between the place of the customers in the marketing process, and actual
functions performed by the sellers and that difference affects price comparability. The
Department will measure the effect on price comparability by determining whether there is a
consistent pattern of price differences between sales at the different levels of trade in the
comparison market. The Department normally will calculate any adjustment for level of trade
based on the percentage difference between averages of the prices at the different levels of trade
in the comparison market, less any expenses adjusted for elsewhere in the normal value
calculation. (Sections 773(a)(1) and (7) of the Act.)
-
°Å·¡´Ü°èÁ¶Á¤(Level of Trade Adjustment)
-
½Ç¹«ÀûÀ¸·Î, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °Å·¡´Ü°è¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó
°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(EP)À» ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÒ ¶§ ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸ÅÀÇ
°Å·¡´Ü°è°¡ ½ÃÃʰ¡°ÝÀÇ °Å·¡´Ü°è°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý(CEP)À» ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å
°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÒ ¶§´Â ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸ÅÀÇ °Å·¡´Ü°è´Â ½ÃÃʰ¡°ÝÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý
¿¡ ´ëÇØ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ°¡ ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °Å·¡´Ü°èÀÇ ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼
ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â µÎ ½ÃÀå°£ °Å·¡´Ü°èÀÇ Â÷À̸¦
°¨¾ÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó°¡°Ý(NV)À» Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â °Å·¡´Ü°èÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ(Áï ÆÇ¸Å°úÁ¤»ó¿¡¼ °Å·¡Ã³ÀÇ À§Ä¡»óÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ,
ÆÇ¸ÅÀÚ°¡ ¼öÇàÇÑ ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì)°¡ ÀÖ°í ±× Â÷À̰¡ °¡°Ý
ºñ±³¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¶§¿¡¸¸ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶Á¤À» ÇÑ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼
»óÀÌÇÑ °Å·¡´Ü°èÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°£¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °¡°ÝÂ÷ÀÌ À¯ÇüÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÔ
À¸·Î½á °¡°Ýºñ±³»óÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ´ë°³ ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ
»óÀÌÇÑ °Å·¡´Ü°è¿¡¼ÀÇ Æò±Õ°¡°Ý¿¡¼ Á¤»ó°¡°Ý°è»ê»ó Á¶Á¤µÇ´Â Ç׸ñÀ»
Â÷°¨ÇÑ ±Ý¾×µéÀÇ ¹éºÐÀ²Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© °Å·¡´Ü°èÂ÷ÀÌ Á¶Á¤À» °è»êÇÑ´Ù.
(¹ý Á¦773Á¶(a)(1)¿Í (7) ÂüÁ¶)
Market-Oriented Industry
-
For nonmarket economy (NME) cases, the Department may find a market-oriented industry
exists when it finds that in an entire industry: (1) there is virtually no government involvement in
setting prices or amounts produced; (2) it is privately or collectively owned; or
(3) market-determined prices are paid for all significant inputs.
(Normally, imports of merchandise from an NME are not subject to countervailing duty.
-
Such a decision is based on information provided by the nonmarket economy exporters and
producers. If an industry is found to be a market-oriented industry, the normal value will be
calculated on the basis of home market or third country prices or costs. That industry would also
be subject to a countervailing duty investigation should one be petitioned and initiated.
-
½ÃÀå°æÁ¦»ê¾÷(Market-Oriented Industry)
-
ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦(NME)ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ƯÁ¤»ê¾÷Àüü¿¡¼ (1) °¡°ÝÀ̳ª
»ý»ê·® °áÁ¤¿¡ ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ°³ÀÔÀÌ ¾ø°í, (2) °³ÀÎÀ̳ª ¼ö¸íÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ø
¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ÒÀ¯µÇ°í, (3) ¸ðµç Áß¿äÇÑ »ý»ê¿ä¼Ò°¡ ½ÃÀå°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤µÇ´Â
°æ¿ì ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦»ê¾÷ÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
-
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦ÀÇ ¼öÃâÀÚ¿Í »ý»êÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°øµÈ Á¤º¸¿¡
±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¾î¶² »ê¾÷ÀÌ ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦»ê¾÷À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¸é Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀº ³»¼ö
½ÃÀå°¡°ÝÀ̳ª Á¦3±¹ °¡°Ý ¶Ç´Â ¿ø°¡¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ¿© »êÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ
±× »ê¾÷Àº Á¦¼Ò°¡ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì »ó°è°ü¼¼Á¶»çÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Normal Value
-
Normal value is the term applied to the adjusted price of the foreign like product in the home or
third-country (comparison) market, or to the constructed value of the subject merchandise. The
Department compares the normal value to the export price or constructed export price to
determine the margin of dumping, if any.
-
The Department initially seeks to calculate normal values based on price. If there are adequate
sales in the home market (see Viability), the Department calculates normal value based on the
price at which the foreign like product is first sold (generally, to unaffiliated parties) in that
market. In the absence at a usable home market, and if there are adequate sales in a third-country
market, the Department calculates normal value based on the price at which the foreign like
product is first sold (generally, to unaffiliated parties) in the third-country market. If there are no
appropriate home or third-country market sales, the Department determines normal value by
calculating the constructed value.
-
To ensure that a fair comparison with the export price or constructed export price is made, the
Department makes adjustments to the price used to calculate the normal value. The Department
adds U.S. packing charges and deducts any of the following expenses included in the comparison
market price: packing charges, transportation costs, and any internal tax that was rebated or not
collected on the subject merchandise. The Department may make additional adjustments to
account for differences in the conditions under which sales are made in the United States and the
comparison market. Thus, the Department may increase or decrease the normal value to account
for differences in quantities, physical characteristics of the merchandise, levels of trade, and other
circumstances of sale. (Section 773(a) of the Act.)
-
Normal value for nonmarket economy cases is determined by factors of production analysis.
(See Factors of Production.)
-
Á¤»ó°¡°Ý(Normal Value)
-
Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀº ¼öÃâ±¹³» ȤÀº Á¦3±¹(ºñ±³´ë»ó)½ÃÀåÀÇ ¿Ü±¹µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÇ
Á¶Á¤µÈ °¡°Ý¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ°Å³ª Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ ±¸¼º°¡°Ý¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ¿ë¾î
ÀÌ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý ¶Ç´Â ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©
´ýÇηüÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
-
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â °¡°Ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» ã°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀûÀýÇÑ
ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ±¹³»½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸é("Ȱ·Â¼º"¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¾î¼³¸í ÂüÁ¶) »ó¹«ºÎ
´Â ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÌ ±¹³»½ÃÀå¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ °¡°Ý(Åë»ó µ¶¸³µÈ
°Å·¡Ã³¿¡ ÆÇ¸ÅÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌ)À» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¸¸¾à ±¹³»½ÃÀå°¡°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í Á¦3±¹ ¼öÃâ°¡°Ý ÀÚ·á°¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ
°æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÌ Á¦3±¹¿¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ÆÇ¸ÅµÇ´Â °¡°Ý
(Åë»ó µ¶¸³µÈ °Å·¡Ã³¿¡ ÆÇ¸ÅÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌ)À» ±âÃÊ·Î Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤ÇÏ
°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ±¹³»½ÃÀåÆÇ¸Å°¡°Ý°ú Á¦3±¹ ¼öÃâ°¡°ÝÀÌ ÀûÀýÄ¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇÑ °æ¿ì
¿¡´Â »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ±¸¼º°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
-
¼öÃâ°¡°Ý ¶Ç´Â ±¸¼º¼öÃâ°¡°Ý°úÀÇ °øÁ¤ÇÑ ºñ±³¸¦ À§Çؼ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â Á¤»ó
°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ »ç¿ëÇÑ °¡°Ý¿¡ Á¶Á¤À» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ±³
½ÃÀå°¡°Ý¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ Æ÷Àåºñ¸¦ °¡»êÇÏ°í µ¿ °¡°Ý¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â ¿ä¼Ò(Æ÷Àå
ºñ, ¿î¼Ûºñ ±×¸®°í Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ȯ±ÞµÇ°Å³ª ¡¼öµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº
³»±¹¼¼)¸¦ °øÁ¦ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ±× ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è·Î, ¹Ì±¹ÆÇ¸Å ¹× ºñ±³
½ÃÀåÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÆÇ¸ÅÁ¶°ÇÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á¤À» ÇϰÔ
µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¼ö·®ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ, ¹°¸®Àû Ư¼ºÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ, °Å·¡´Ü°èÀÇ
Â÷ÀÌ ¶Ç´Â ±âŸ ÆÇ¸Åȯ°æÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» Áõ°¡
¶Ç´Â °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
-
ºñ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀº »ý»ê¿ä¼ÒºÐ¼®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.("»ý»ê
¿ä¼Ò"¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¾î¼³¸í ÂüÁ¶)
Ordinary Course of Trade
-
In calculating normal value, the Department will consider only those sales in the comparison
market that are in the ordinary course of trade. Generally, sales are in the ordinary course of
trade if made under conditions and practices that, for a reasonable period of time prior to the
date of sale of the subject merchandise, have been normal for sales of the foreign like product.
(Section 771(15) of the Act and section 351.102(b) of the regulations. See also Arms-length
Transactions.)
-
Åë»óÀûÀÎ °Å·¡°¡°Ý(Ordinary Course of Trade)
-
Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ Åë»ó°Å·¡°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °Å·¡¸¸À» °í·ÁÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, Á¶»ç´ë»ó¹°Ç°ÀÇ ÆÇ¸ÅÀÌÀü
ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ±â°£ ¿Ü±¹ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ Á¶°Ç°ú °üÇàÀ¸
·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °Å·¡¶ó¸é Åë»ó°Å·¡ °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.(¹ý Á¦771Á¶(15)
¹× ±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR) 351.102(b). "Ư¼ö°ü°èÀÚ°£ÀÇ Á¤»ó°Å·¡"¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¾î
¼³¸í ÂüÁ¶)
Separate Rates
-
For nonmarket economy cases, the Department normally calculates one rate for all exporting
companies. However, if an exporter demonstrates that its export activities are independent of
government control, it can receive an individually calculated antidumping duty rate. This
separate rate is calculated using the U.S. price the exporter set and the inputs of the manufacturer
that supplied the goods to the exporter, valued in a surrogate country. All companies that do not
submit a response to the antidumping questionnaire or do not adequately establish that their
export activities are independent of government control are subject to the single economy-wide
rate.
-
°³º°À²(Separate Rates)
Viability
-
For market economy cases, to calculate normal value based on sales in the home market, the
Department must determine that the volume of sales is adequate in that market and that a
"particular market situation" does not make their use inappropriate. To calculate normal value
based on sales in a third-country market, the Department must make the same determinations
with respect to sales to the third country, and the sales must be "representative." These
determinations establish whether a market is viable.
-
The Department normally finds sales to be adequate if the quantity of the foreign like product
sold in the market is 5 percent or more of the quantity sold to the United States. In unusual
situations, the Department may find that sales below the 5-percent threshold are adequate, or that
sales above the threshold are not. Also in unusual situations, the Department may apply
the 5-percent test on the basis of value, rather than quantity.
The terms "particular market situation" and "representative" are undefined
in the statute of regulations. A particular market situation might exist, for example,
where there was a single sale in the comparison market that constituted
5 percent or more of the quantity sold to the United States, or where government control of
pricing is such that prices cannot be competitively set, or where there are differing patterns of
demand in the United States and comparison market. (Section 773(a)(1) of the Act and section
351.404(b)(2) of the regulations.)
-
Ȱ·Â¼º(Viability)
-
½ÃÀå°æÁ¦¿¡¼ ³»¼ö½ÃÀå ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©,
»ó¹«ºÎ´Â ´çÇØ ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å·®ÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÑÁö ±×¸®°í "Ưº°ÇÑ ½ÃÀå»óȲ"
ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Á¦3±¹½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ
Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦¿¡¼¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¦3±¹
½ÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ¸Å·®ÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÑÁö ±×¸®°í ±× ÆÇ¸Å°¡ ´ëÇ¥¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö °áÁ¤
ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À̰°Àº °áÁ¤Àº ½ÃÀåÀÌ È°·Â¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÅëÇØ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
-
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¿Ü±¹½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ µ¿Á¾¹°Ç°ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å·®ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¿¡
ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ ¹°·®ÀÇ 5% ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡ Ȱ·Â¼ºÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖ
ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â ¿Ü±¹½ÃÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡ 5%¿¡ Á¶±Ý
¹Ì´ÞµÈ´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ Ȱ·Â¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç´Â 5%¸¦ Á¶±Ý
³Ñ´Â´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ Ȱ·Â¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ
°æ¿ì¿¡ »ó¹«ºÎ´Â 5% Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ÆÇ¸Å¹°·®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÆÇ¸Å°¡°Ý¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÒ ¼öµµ
ÀÖ´Ù. "Ưº°ÇÑ ½ÃÀå»óȲ"°ú "´ëÇ¥¼º"À̶õ ¿ë¾î´Â ¹ý·É¿¡¼ ¸íÈ®È÷ ±ÔÁ¤
Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, 5% ÀÌ»óÀÏÁö¶óµµ ºñ±³½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ´Ü ÇÑ °ÇÀÇ
ÆÇ¸Å¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì ¶Ç´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ °¡°ÝÅëÁ¦·Î ±× °¡°ÝÀÌ °æÀï¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì±¹°ú ºñ±³½ÃÀåÀÇ ¼ö ¾çŰ¡ ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
Ưº°ÇÑ ½ÃÀå»óȲÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º»´Ù(¹ý Á¦773Á¶(a)(1)¿Í ±ÔÄ¢(19 CFR)
351.404(b)(2) ÂüÁ¶)
Section 773(d) of the Act specifies a method of calculating NV using the special rule for
certain multinational corporations (MNC). The following three criteria must be met
before the MNC provision is invoked:
¹ý Á¦773Á¶(d)¿¡¼´Â ´Ù±¹Àû±â¾÷ÀÇ Á¤»ó°¡°ÝÀ» »êÁ¤Çϴ Ưº°¹æ¹ýÀÌ
±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù±¹Àû±â¾÷±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ 3°¡Áö Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÃæÁ·
µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
ANTIDUMPING INVESTIGATIONS INITIATION CHECKLIST
-
SUBJECT: (insert case name)
-
CASE NUMBER: (insert case number)
-
PETITIONER(S):
(insert name(s) - provide the locations of each plant and headquarters)
-
COUNSEL:
(insert name of law firm)
-
RESPONDENT(S):
(insert name(s))
-
SCOPE:
(insert the scope of the investigation)
-
IMPORT STATISTICS:
(insert the volume and value of imports for the most recently completed calendar year,
year-to-date, and the corresponding prior period)
-
CASE CALENDAR:
Petition Filed:
Initiation Deadline:
ITC Preliminary Determination:
ITA Preliminary Determination:
ITA Final Determination:
ITC Final Determination:
Order:
-
INDUSTRY SUPPORT: Does the petitioner(s) account for more than 50% of production
of the domestic like product?
Yes (insert %) (petition page reference)
No (insert %)
-
If No, do those expressing support account for the majority of those expressing an
opinion and at least 25% of domestic production?
Yes
No - do not initiate
-
Describe how industry support was established - specifically, describe the nature of any
polling or other step undertaken to determine the level of domestic industry support.
-
Was there opposition to the petition?
Yes
(identify each party expressing opposition)
No
-
Are any of the parties who have expressed opposition to the petition either importers or
domestic producers affiliated with foreign producers?
Yes
No
(explain how the views of these parties were treated in your determination of industry
support)
-
INJURY ALLEGATION:
-
We have received a copy of the action request from the Director of the Office of
Investigations, International Trade Commission. It indicates that the ITC finds that the
petition contains adequate and accurate information with respect to material injury. (The
relevant injury data can be found on page (insert #) of the petition.)
-
Does the petition contain evidence of causation? (answer Yes or No) (See page (insert #)
of the petition.) Specifically, does the petition contain information relative to:
-
___ volume and value of imports (see page (insert #) of the petition)
-
___ U.S. market share (i.e., the ratio of imports to consumption) (see page (insert #)
of the petition)
-
___ actual pricing (i.e., evidence of decreased pricing) (see page (insert #) of the
petition)
-
___ relative pricing (i.e., evidence of imports underselling U.S. products) (see page
(insert #) of the petition)
-
PETITION REQUIREMENTS:
-
Does the petition contain the following:
the name and address of the petitioner
the names and addresses of all known domestic producers of the domestic like
product
the volume and value of the domestic like product produced by the petitioner
and each domestic producer identified for the most recently completed 12-month period for which data is available
-
Was the entire domestic industry identified in the petition?
Yes
No (% of producers identified)
-
Does the petition also contain the following:
a clear and detailed description of the merchandise to be investigated, including
the appropriate Harmonized Tariff Schedule numbers.
the name of each country in which the merchandise originates or from which
the merchandise is exported.
Was the petition filed simultaneously with the Department of Commerce and
the ITC?
Yes
No
an adequate summary of the proprietary data was provided.
a statement regarding release under administrative protective order.
a certification of the facts contained in the petition by an official of the
petitioning firm(s) and its legal representative (if applicable).
import volume and value information for the most recent two-year period.
-
LESS THAN FAIR VALUE ALLEGATION:
-
Export Price/Constructed Export Price
-
Provide an explanation on how the export price and/or constructed export price was
derived (include in your description the source of the pricing information and any
adjustments necessary to calculate an ex-factory price; reference the pages in the petition
that contain this information; if the information is based on a market research report or
affidavit, explain why you believe that these sources are appropriate).
-
Does the petition contain the following:
support documentation for the alleged prices or costs and claimed adjustments.
any market research reports including an affidavits referring to sources and
how information was obtained
current and dated price data (no more than one-year old).
price and cost data from contemporaneous time periods.
correct currency rates used for all conversions to U.S. dollars (i.e., Federal
Reserve Bank of New York).
conversion factors for comparisons of differing units of measure.
-
Normal value
-
Provide an explanation on how the export price was derived (include in your description
the source of the pricing information and any adjustments necessary to calculate an ex-factory price; reference the pages in the pe
tition that contain this information; if the
information is based on a market research report or affidavit, explain why you believe that
these sources are appropriate).
-
Does the petition contain the following:
support documentation for the alleged prices or costs and claimed adjustments.
any market research reports including an affidavits referring to sources and
how information was obtained.
current and dated price data (no more than one year old).
price and cost data from contemporaneous time periods.
correct currency rates used for all conversions to U.S. dollars (i.e., Federal
Reserve Bank of New York).
conversion factors for comparisons of differing units of measure.
-
ESTIMATED MARGINS:
(insert the range of estimated dumping margins)
-
OTHER ISSUES:
(e.g., COP allegation, regional industry, critical circumstances)
-
RECOMMENDATION:
-
Based on sources readily available to the Department, we have examined the accuracy
and adequacy of the evidence provided in the petition, and recommend determining that
the evidence is sufficient to justify the initiation of an antidumping investigation. We
also recommend determining that the petition has been filed by or on behalf of the
domestic industry.
-
¹Ý´ýÇÎÁ¶»ç°³½Ã üũ¸®½ºÆ®
-
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